{
  "version": "2.1",
  "reviewed": "2026-10-23",
  "scope": "Selected published aggregates and attributed research metadata; not participant-level raw data. Original numerical conflicts and missing cells are retained. No PDFs, local paths, source downloads or individual rankings.",
  "counts": {
    "records": 45,
    "excluded": 2,
    "retained": 43
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "C00",
      "reference": "Hasegawa Y, Yano M, Koyama S, Inomata K. *Golf Putting Performance under Pressure: The Effect of Anxiety Level and Putting Distance.* Japanese Journal of Sport Psychology. 2011;38(2):85–98.",
      "doi": "10.4146/jjspopsy.2011-084",
      "url": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjspopsy/38/2/38_2011-084/_article/-char/en",
      "status": "prior_primary_table_verified",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "国内競技アマ75人。公表集計表。録画単独の介入ではない。",
      "limit": "Published aggregate; national general-amateur prevalence, isolated filming effect and course transfer unknown.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "C01",
      "reference": "Hasegawa Y, Okada A, Fujii K. *Skill Differences in a Discrete Motor Task Emerging From the Environmental Perception Phase.* Front Psychol. 2021;12:697914.",
      "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2021.697914",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.697914/full",
      "status": "primary_full_text",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "国内プロ12・中級12。環境知覚から結果までの群比較。",
      "limit": "Skill-group contrast is not individual diagnostic accuracy or matched-drill efficacy.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "C02",
      "reference": "Penner AR. The physics of putting. Canadian Journal of Physics. 2002;80(2):83–96.",
      "doi": "10.1139/P01-137",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1139/P01-137",
      "status": "primary_bibliography_model_only",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "Penner 2002の書誌・物理モデルとして採用。本文PDF保存はtimeout/406で未成立。",
      "limit": "No numeric human success rates or optimal universal overshoot adopted.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "C03",
      "reference": "Hasegawa Y, Okada A, Fujii K. Putting performance bias to the front-lower side of the hole on steep slopes: Differences in strategies and movements between professional and amateur golfers. PLOS ONE. 2024;19(12):e0314820.",
      "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0314820",
      "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0314820",
      "status": "primary_full_text",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "国内プロ12・アマ12。Fig4Bは穴近傍速度。",
      "limit": "3°停止位置・返し未測定。F/p不整合を保持し、3パット率へ変換しない。",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "C04",
      "reference": "Barzyk P, Gruber M. *Motor learning in golf—a systematic review.* Front Sports Act Living. 2024;6:1324615.",
      "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2024.1324615",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sports-and-active-living/articles/10.3389/fspor.2024.1324615/full",
      "status": "secondary_review",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "運動学習の探索用レビュー。原著と重複加算しない。",
      "limit": "Review-derived numbers are not relabeled primary observations.",
      "use": "context"
    },
    {
      "id": "C05",
      "reference": "Hasegawa Y, Sumi K, Miura A. *State Anxiety and Low-Frequency Heart Rate Variability in High-Level Amateur Golfers While Putting under Pressure.* Int J Sport Health Sci. 2020;18:144–153.",
      "doi": "10.5432/ijshs.201935",
      "url": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ijshs/18/0/18_201935/_article",
      "status": "prior_report_primary_text",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "高水準アマの圧力研究。旧台帳の範囲を保持。",
      "limit": "No newly extracted numerical cells included in this synthesis.",
      "use": "limited_context"
    },
    {
      "id": "C06",
      "reference": "Hasegawa Y, Fujii K, Miura A, Yamamoto Y. *Resolution of low-velocity control in golf putting differentiates professionals from amateurs.* J Sports Sci. 2017;35(13):1239–1246.",
      "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2016.1218037",
      "url": "https://nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/24562",
      "status": "primary_abstract_only",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "2017速度分解能研究。原著著者稿の所在を特定したが429で取得中止。",
      "limit": "Original numerical tables unavailable.",
      "use": "limited_context"
    },
    {
      "id": "C07",
      "reference": "van Lier W, van der Kamp J, Savelsbergh GJP. *Perception and action in golf putting: Skill differences reflect calibration.* J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2011;33(3):349–369.",
      "doi": "10.1123/jsep.33.3.349",
      "url": "https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/perception-and-action-in-golf-putting-skill-differences-reflect-c-2/",
      "status": "prior_report_primary_text",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "熟練群に指導プロ11人・HC0–5。実ツアー出場者と同一視しない。",
      "limit": "C12 is duplicate, not an independent replication.",
      "use": "limited_context"
    },
    {
      "id": "C08",
      "reference": "Vine SJ, Moore LJ, Wilson MR. *Quiet Eye Training Facilitates Competitive Putting Performance in Elite Golfers.* Front Psychol. 2011;2:8.",
      "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00008",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00008/full",
      "status": "prior_primary_text_verified",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "HC<6の競技アマ22人。成功球を誤差0として含む。",
      "limit": "20rounds pre/post are not controlled official-tour causal effects.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "C09",
      "reference": "Karlsen J, Nilsson J. *Distance Variability in Golf Putting among Highly Skilled Players: The Role of Green Reading.* Int J Sports Sci Coaching. 2008.",
      "doi": "10.1260/174795408785024333",
      "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1260/174795408785024333",
      "status": "primary_abstract_only",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "距離制御・グリーン読みの候補。原表未取得。",
      "limit": "No numerical variance partition used to diagnose an individual.",
      "use": "limited_context"
    },
    {
      "id": "C10",
      "reference": "García-Massó X et al. *Test–retest reliability of putting-related variables in medium-to-high handicap golf players.* Sci Rep. 2024;14:11516.",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-62183-z",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-62183-z",
      "status": "primary_full_text",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "HC18–36、10人、特定の2m停止課題の再検査。",
      "limit": "28/18球は得点化法別の信頼性条件。万能の診断球数ではない。",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "C11",
      "reference": "Moore LJ, Vine SJ, Cooke A, Ring C, Wilson MR. Quiet eye training expedites motor learning and aids performance under heightened anxiety: The roles of response programming and external attention. Psychophysiology. 2012;49(7):1005–1015.",
      "doi": "10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01379.x",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01379.x",
      "status": "prior_primary_table_verified",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "著者稿Table2確認済みに更新。40初心者、320練習/420総試行を区別。",
      "limit": "Success interaction nonsignificant, radial-error interaction significant; no course transfer.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "C12",
      "reference": "C07と同じ",
      "doi": "10.1123/jsep.33.3.349",
      "url": "https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/perception-and-action-in-golf-putting-skill-differences-reflect-c-2/",
      "status": "excluded_duplicate",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "C07と同一DOI。独立研究数から除外。",
      "limit": "Duplicate.",
      "use": "excluded"
    },
    {
      "id": "C13",
      "reference": "Tanaka Y, Sekiya H. The Relationships between Psychological/Physiological Changes and Behavioral/Performance Changes of a Golf Putting Task under Pressure. Int J Sport Health Sci. 2010;8:83–94.",
      "doi": "10.5432/ijshs.20100006",
      "url": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ijshs/8/0/8_20100006/_article/-char/en",
      "status": "primary_full_table_verified",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "Tanaka & Sekiya 2010 IJSHS 8:83–94を特定・全文取得。初心者男性16人。",
      "limit": "別のRQES観衆/報酬論文、75人研究、録画練習効果と混同しない。",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "C14",
      "reference": "Shim J, Chung H, Kim J. *Directional aiming bias in golf putting.* J Sports Sci. 2019;37(4):364–369.",
      "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2018.1504601",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30073917/",
      "status": "primary_abstract_only",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "方向の狙い偏り。抄録で確かめた範囲のみ。",
      "limit": "No original numerical table transcribed.",
      "use": "limited_context"
    },
    {
      "id": "C15",
      "reference": "Karlsen J, Smith G, Nilsson J. *The stroke has only a minor influence on direction consistency in golf putting among elite players.* J Sports Sci. 2008;26(3):243–250.",
      "doi": "10.1080/02640410701530902",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17917952/",
      "status": "primary_abstract_only",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "80/17/3は分散成分としてのみ扱う。",
      "limit": "Not probabilities that an individual miss was caused by face/path/contact.",
      "use": "limited_context"
    },
    {
      "id": "C16",
      "reference": "Hasegawa Y, Okada A, Fujii K. A sense of distance and movement characteristics of golfers tested without visual feedback of outcomes: Is a putt that feels subjectively good also physically good? Front Sports Act Living. 2022;4:987493.",
      "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2022.987493",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sports-and-active-living/articles/10.3389/fspor.2022.987493/full",
      "status": "primary_full_text",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "国内プロ12・HC約15アマ12。距離感と運動・予測誤差。",
      "limit": "960trials is not 960people; no training causal effect.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "C17",
      "reference": "Fazeli D, Taheri H, Saberi Kakhki A. *Random Versus Blocked Practice to Enhance Mental Representation in Golf Putting.* Percept Mot Skills. 2017;124(3):674–688.",
      "doi": "10.1177/0031512517704106",
      "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0031512517704106",
      "status": "primary_abstract_only",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "Fazeli2017の練習量・1週保持を抄録で確認。",
      "limit": "性別・年齢のレビュー記載は原著確認扱いしない。原表SDは未取得。",
      "use": "limited_context"
    },
    {
      "id": "C18",
      "reference": "Munzert J, Maurer H, Reiser M. *Verbal-Motor Attention-Focusing Instructions Influence Kinematics and Performance on a Golf-Putting Task.* J Motor Behav. 2014;46(5):309–318.",
      "doi": "10.1080/00222895.2014.912197",
      "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222895.2014.912197",
      "status": "primary_abstract_only",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "Munzert2014、翌日保持と逆指示転移。",
      "limit": "原表未取得。注意の向け先と指示内容を完全には分離できない。",
      "use": "limited_context"
    },
    {
      "id": "C19",
      "reference": "Ishikura T. *Reduced Relative Frequency of Knowledge of Results without Visual Feedback in Learning a Golf-Putting Task.* Percept Mot Skills. 2008;106(1):225–233.",
      "doi": "10.2466/pms.106.1.225-233",
      "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2466/pms.106.1.225-233",
      "status": "primary_abstract_only",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "Ishikura2008、34人。結果フィードバック頻度。",
      "limit": "技量は原著抄録から確定不可。到着順割付を無作為化と呼ばない。",
      "use": "limited_context"
    },
    {
      "id": "C20",
      "reference": "Butki BD, Hoffman SJ. *Effects of Reducing Frequency of Intrinsic Knowledge of Results on the Learning of a Motor Skill.* Percept Mot Skills. 2003;97(2):569–580.",
      "doi": "10.2466/pms.2003.97.2.569",
      "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2466/pms.2003.97.2.569",
      "status": "primary_abstract_only",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "Butki2003、原著抄録範囲に限定。",
      "limit": "二次資料の78人と28人×3群が矛盾。人数・原表平均SDはnull。",
      "use": "limited_context"
    },
    {
      "id": "C21",
      "reference": "van Lier W, van der Kamp J, Savelsbergh GJP. *Gaze in Golf Putting: Effects of Slope.* Int J Sport Psychol. 2010;41(2):160–176.",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://www.ijsp-online.com/abstract/view/41/160",
      "status": "primary_abstract_only",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "傾斜と視線の研究。",
      "limit": "原表未取得。記載のないDOIを創作しない。",
      "use": "limited_context"
    },
    {
      "id": "C22",
      "reference": "Archer J. The Effects of Face Angle Biofeedback on Performance in a Golf Putting Task. Manchester Metropolitan University student project, supervised by P Graham-Smith. May 2024.",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://www.quinticballroll.com/research-papers/The-effects-of-face-angle-biofeedback-on-performance.pdf",
      "status": "grey_literature_full_table_verified",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "Archer2024、大学学生プロジェクト。原著表の分母誤りを別記。",
      "limit": "20人。即時・複合フィードバック。査読論文/face-only/実戦効果としない。",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "C23",
      "reference": "*The effects of blocked and random practice on the learning of three variations of the golf chip shot*（ResearchGate 2018 page、完全誌情報は今回未再検証）",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325228507_The_effects_of_blocked_and_random_practice_on_the_learning_of_three_variations_of_the_golf_chip_shot",
      "status": "excluded_wrong_skill",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "2018チップショット論文。Fazeliパット研究の原著ではない。",
      "limit": "Putting effect estimate excluded.",
      "use": "excluded"
    },
    {
      "id": "C24",
      "reference": "Li Z, Liu H, Liu C, Liu F, Liu B. *Effects of EEG neurofeedback and training interventions on golf putting performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.* Front Psychol. 2026;17:1736851.",
      "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1736851",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1736851/full",
      "status": "secondary_review",
      "population": null,
      "design": null,
      "finding": "EEG関連レビュー。原著と重複加算しない。",
      "limit": "異なるNFTプロトコル/技量/評価時点を一括して一般化しない。",
      "use": "context"
    },
    {
      "id": "S25",
      "reference": "Wu et al. 2024, neurofeedback",
      "doi": "10.1111/sms.14540",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/sms.14540",
      "status": "primary_full_text",
      "population": "Taiwan PGA/Ladies PGA of Taiwan members44, M24 F20",
      "design": "Randomized crossover, usual-routine putting control, single session, ≥24h washout",
      "finding": "Success-count change6.86 vs−1.07 out of60; miss-only error change−3.5 vs+1.36cm.",
      "limit": "Membership does not establish PGA TOUR/US LPGA starts. No delayed retention/course competition.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "S26",
      "reference": "Kim JH, Han JK, Han DH. 2018. Training effects of Interactive Metronome on golf performance and brain activity in professional woman golf players. Hum Mov Sci61:63–71.",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.humov.2018.07.005",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30029204/",
      "status": "primary_full_table_verified",
      "population": "KLPGA women20, IM10 control10",
      "design": "Random allocation, 12sessions/6weeks, active time-matched extra golf-practice control",
      "finding": "Timing SD improved in selected swing segments; 2m total-time SD nonsignificant.",
      "limit": "Only5putts per assessment; tour tier unclear. No hole%/SG/course/retention outcome. Commercial-host original PDF, not device marketing summary.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "S27",
      "reference": "Wu YL, Huang CF, Marquardt C, Wang HT. 2020. Putting Performance and Kinematics Differ with Skill Level in Female Golfers. Open Sports Sci J13:20–26.",
      "doi": "10.2174/1875399X02013010020",
      "url": "https://opensportssciencesjournal.com/contents/volumes/V13/TOSSJ-13-20/TOSSJ-13-20.pdf",
      "status": "primary_full_table_verified",
      "population": "149women: tour64/national46/college39; tour includes3LPGA/4Symetra/2LET",
      "design": "Cross-sectional, 7putts each, 3m flat artificial turf",
      "finding": "Descriptive observed holed67.8/60.2/54.6%; Table2 kinematics retained.",
      "limit": "Published narrative and F/p conflict for several variables; inferential claims excluded. Signed group mean is not individual AE or within-person SD. ",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "S28",
      "reference": "石倉忠夫・廣光佑哉・北島孟. 2022. 感情喚起フィードバックメッセージがゴルフパッティング学習へ及ぼす影響. 同志社スポーツ健康科学14:1–9.",
      "doi": "10.14988/00029046",
      "url": "https://doshisha.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/29047/files/043000140001.pdf",
      "status": "primary_full_table_verified",
      "population": "Japan university task-naive50 M35 F15 age20.5",
      "design": "5groups×10, gender-balanced random assignment, 30practice, next-day retention/4m transfer",
      "finding": "No general group main effect on emotion or CE/VE/TV; selected transfer interaction.",
      "limit": "Stopping-zone task, not real-hole course success. r=3.28–5.94 printed as effect size is not valid correlation-style r.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "S29",
      "reference": "内藤潔・加藤貴昭・福田忠彦. 2007. パッティングにおける視野制限の影響. 体育測定評価研究7:9–18.",
      "doi": "10.14859/jjtehpe.7.9",
      "url": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjtehpe/7/0/7_jjtehpe.7.9/_article/-char/ja/",
      "status": "primary_full_text",
      "population": "Japan skilled10 (licensed professional3/HC0 four/HC1 three) and novice10; all men",
      "design": "Cross-sectional vision-mask conditions, 1/2/3m stopping-circle task",
      "finding": "Severe3°visual restriction reduced skilled performance; novice condition effect not significant.",
      "limit": "Age groups differ. Not training intervention or proof of eyes-closed drill efficacy. 2007 publication confirmed, 2023 is J-STAGE upload.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "S30",
      "reference": "鈴木湧登・坂本大介・小野哲雄. 2025. ゴルフのプロのメンタルリハーサルの可視化を通じたパッティングスキルの学習効果の検証. 情報処理学会インタラクション2025, INT25021.",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://www.interaction-ipsj.org/proceedings/2025/data/pdf/INT25021.pdf",
      "status": "primary_full_table_verified",
      "population": "Japan no regular golf experience48, four groups12",
      "design": "3days×5min no-ball imagery/practice-swing intervention; 140testballs over4days",
      "finding": "Radial-error group F(3,44)=.457,p=.713; interaction F(18,264)=1.424,p=.119; time significant.",
      "limit": "Conference paper. Subjective understanding/VR presence ≠ physical superiority; SSQ increased. Later journal version may overlap same cohort.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "S31",
      "reference": "Vickers JN. 2022 PDF version. Quiet eye training alleviates the yips in golf putting: a research proposal. Brazilian J Motor Behavior16(5):400–406.",
      "doi": "10.20338/bjmb.v16i5.300",
      "url": "https://socibracom.com/bjmb/index.php/bjmb/article/download/300/390/4185",
      "status": "primary_full_text",
      "population": "One pseudonymous LPGA player, 13th to14thseason",
      "design": "Single case plus proposed research, not completed randomized comparison",
      "finding": "Putting average1.86→1.79/holedescriptive after~4month training; reported good financial next season.",
      "limit": "Landing metadata2023/16i4 conflicts with PDF2022/16i5 and abstract duration description; PDF version explicitly adopted. Identity/official record not independently matched.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "S32",
      "reference": "Brill R, Wyner A. 2025. Putting Skill as Nearly Indistinguishable from Noise: An Empirical Bayes Analysis of PGA Tour Performance, arXiv2506.21822v1.",
      "doi": "10.48550/arXiv.2506.21822",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.21822",
      "status": "preprint_full_text",
      "population": "553golfer-seasons across83PGA TOUR events2015/2017",
      "design": "Empirical Bayes hierarchy/shrinkage, observational",
      "finding": "Putting requires substantial uncertainty adjustment; short-sample leaderboard not stable latent skill.",
      "limit": "Author preprint, raw data under NDA; not proof putting is only luck or amateur practice ineffective.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "S33",
      "reference": "Fisher KM, Fairbrother JT. 2020. Vision and golf-putting learning. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport.",
      "doi": "10.1080/02701367.2019.1674443",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31774380/",
      "status": "primary_abstract_only",
      "population": "Novice24",
      "design": "Vision/no-vision training,108trials,24h retention",
      "finding": "No normal-vision advantage from no-vision practice.",
      "limit": "Exact full-table means/SD not retrieved. Not evidence against every blind drill for experts.",
      "use": "limited_context"
    },
    {
      "id": "S34",
      "reference": "Ziv G, Lidor R, Elbaz L, Lavie M. 2020. Preference-Performance Dissociation in Golf Putting.",
      "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00102",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00102/full",
      "status": "primary_full_text",
      "population": "76novices M21 F55",
      "design": "Fourgroups19;50trials2m;48h retention and2.5m transfer",
      "finding": "Preferred visual aids and objective benefit do not necessarily agree.",
      "limit": "Do not infer that subjective usability is worthless or one cue suits every skill level.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "S35",
      "reference": "Lizama E, Carcamo-Herrera B, López G, Pereira C, Serrano MA. 2026. Modulation of neuroendocrine and autonomic responses to competitive stress by slow cortical potentials training in golfers: An exploratory randomized controlled trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology191:107934.",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.psyneuen.2026.107934",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453026001940",
      "status": "primary_abstract_only",
      "population": "42amateur/semi-pro,21+21",
      "design": "8weeks SCP training vs waitlist, simulated competition",
      "finding": "Putting performance difference not significant despite physiological changes.",
      "limit": "Different intervention from Wu2024; not pooled. No sham or official competition outcome.",
      "use": "limited_context"
    },
    {
      "id": "S36",
      "reference": "Mousavi et al. 2024. Effects of contextual interference and differential learning on performance and mental representations in a golf putting task.",
      "doi": "10.1002/ejsc.12079",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ejsc.12079",
      "status": "primary_full_text",
      "population": "40novice university women, fourgroups10",
      "design": "360practice in3days,72h retention and4m novel-distance transfer",
      "finding": "Random and differential conditions exceeded blocked in selected tests; differential best transfer.",
      "limit": "Stopping-circle distance error not actual hole%. Printed F df(3,39) does not match40/fourgroups usual residual36; preserve not repair.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "S37",
      "reference": "Carey L, Stone JA, Strafford BW, Rosie S, Ladouce S, Hunter AM, Donaldson DI. 2026. Using a Screen-Based Task to Explore Expertise-Based Differences in Green Reading. Percept Mot Skills.",
      "doi": "10.1177/00315125261439030",
      "url": "https://shura.shu.ac.uk/37330/1/Stone-UsingAScreenBasedTask%28VoR%29.pdf",
      "status": "primary_full_text",
      "population": "80golfers, self-reported putts/round29–54",
      "design": "Static-image/video prediction tasks across skill continuum",
      "finding": "Additional views/video assist reading judgments, with skill-related differences.",
      "limit": "Not a training trial, no real stroke or course-transfer effect. Putts/round skill proxy is confounded.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "S38",
      "reference": "Campbell MJ, Moran AP. 2014. Professional golfers and virtual green reading.",
      "doi": "10.1007/s10339-014-0608-2",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-014-0608-2",
      "status": "prior_report_primary_text",
      "population": "17touring Irish PGA golfers",
      "design": "3D virtual green judgments, cross-sectional",
      "finding": "Group comparison76.5 vs57.1%, chi-square2.689,p>.05.",
      "limit": "Not an effective virtual training intervention; exact primary table not newly retrieved.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "S39",
      "reference": "Shaw et al. 2021. Gaze and real-green putting expertise.",
      "doi": "10.1037/spy0000261",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000261",
      "status": "prior_report_primary_text",
      "population": "12male recent lower-tier touring pros and12amateurs",
      "design": "9stations on real green, cross-sectional",
      "finding": "Reported mean2.02 vs2.22putts/hole.",
      "limit": "Not official-tour year-round average or causal training improvement; table not newly extracted.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "S40",
      "reference": "Shaw et al. 2026. Touring professionals’ putting accounts, qualitative study.",
      "doi": "10.1177/00315125261451585",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125261451585",
      "status": "prior_report_primary_text",
      "population": "13touring professionals, UK12/Australia1",
      "design": "Interviews",
      "finding": "Context and practice experience are useful hypotheses.",
      "limit": "Qualitative accounts are not measured training-effect estimates.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "S41",
      "reference": "Kao et al. 2014. EEG neurofeedback and putting.",
      "doi": "10.1080/10413200.2013.855682",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2013.855682",
      "status": "prior_report_primary_text",
      "population": "Three male HC0 golfers",
      "design": "Small single-case intervention",
      "finding": "Exploratory within-player patterns.",
      "limit": "HC0 is not proof of touring professional status; no quantitative estimates newly adopted.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "S42",
      "reference": "Hasegawa Y, Okada A, Fujii K. 2023. Can golfers choose low-risk routes in steep putting based on visual feedback of ball trajectory?",
      "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2023.1131390",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sports-and-active-living/articles/10.3389/fspor.2023.1131390/full",
      "status": "primary_full_text",
      "population": "Japan professionals12/amateurs12",
      "design": "3m3°,10no-feedback→15min→10feedback fixed order",
      "finding": "Feedback can reveal differences between intended and realized direction/speed.",
      "limit": "Order/practice confounding;15min not independent delayed retention. Cohort overlap with2021/2024 unknown.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "S43",
      "reference": "Hasegawa Y. 2018. メンタル・トレーニングプログラムの開発研究―プレッシャー下のストレス反応に着目して. Artes Liberales102:121–139.",
      "doi": "10.15113/00014600",
      "url": "https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390853649595013760",
      "status": "primary_abstract_only",
      "population": "Experiment1 university77; selected experiment2 university34",
      "design": "Cognitive-imagery/relaxation program",
      "finding": "Institutional abstract reports selected anxiety changes.",
      "limit": "Repository429 and author-copy403. Original group sizes/tables/course performance unknown; >90%completion subgroup is selection, not randomized efficacy.",
      "use": "limited_context"
    },
    {
      "id": "S44",
      "reference": "He Q et al. 2024. The effect of quiet eye training on golf putting performance in pressure situation. Scientific Reports14:5182.",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-55716-z",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-55716-z",
      "status": "primary_full_table_verified",
      "population": "22Chinese juniors M12 F10,13–18years",
      "design": "Two weeks daily training, QE11/technical11, simulated pressure",
      "finding": "All five tables recovered. Success group×time significant; post group simple effect reported nonsignificant.",
      "limit": "No delayed retention or official competition. No change covariance for a valid change-contrast CI.",
      "use": "synthesis"
    }
  ],
  "blocks": [
    {
      "study": "C00",
      "provenance": {
        "kind": "observed_published_aggregate",
        "sourceURL": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjspopsy/38/2/38_2011-084/_article/-char/en",
        "table": "4,6",
        "section": null
      },
      "measurement": "miss-position counts and first-putt opportunities",
      "values": {
        "n": 75,
        "male": 52,
        "female": 23,
        "opportunitiesPerCondition": 300,
        "table4": {
          "LP": [
            4,
            20,
            27
          ],
          "HP": [
            13,
            24,
            15
          ],
          "LP_misses": 51,
          "HP_misses": 52
        },
        "table6_1_50m": {
          "LP": [
            1,
            3,
            14
          ],
          "HP": [
            5,
            7,
            2
          ]
        }
      },
      "limits": "Competitive young amateur sample, not national general amateurs. No isolated filming-training effect. Calculated from published aggregate counts, not retrieved participant-level raw data."
    },
    {
      "study": "S25",
      "provenance": {
        "kind": "observed_published_aggregate",
        "sourceURL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/sms.14540",
        "table": null,
        "section": "3.2"
      },
      "measurement": "within-condition change, mean and SD",
      "values": {
        "n": 44,
        "denominatorPerTest": 60,
        "successNFT": {
          "mean": 6.86,
          "SD": 7.78
        },
        "successControl": {
          "mean": -1.07,
          "SD": 11.93
        },
        "pairedComparison": {
          "t": 3.514,
          "p": 0.001,
          "reported_d": 0.53
        },
        "errorNFT_cm": {
          "mean": -3.5,
          "SD": 9.32
        },
        "errorControl_cm": {
          "mean": 1.36,
          "SD": 6.36
        },
        "errorPaired_t": -2.605,
        "errorPaired_p": 0.013,
        "errorReported_d": -0.39
      },
      "limits": "mean distance on unsuccessful putts only; unlike Vine 2011; Single-session indoor artificial-green randomized crossover; usual-routine putting control, not absence of all putting practice; no measured delayed retention or course competition effect."
    },
    {
      "study": "C11",
      "provenance": {
        "kind": "observed_published_aggregate",
        "sourceURL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01379.x",
        "table": 2,
        "section": null
      },
      "measurement": "putts holed, participant mean percent and SD",
      "values": {
        "n": 40,
        "trainingTrials": 320,
        "totalTrialsIncludingTests": 420,
        "tests": [
          {
            "test": "pre",
            "QE_mean": 19.75,
            "QE_SD": 8.75,
            "technical_mean": 17.6,
            "technical_SD": 7.95
          },
          {
            "test": "retention1",
            "QE_mean": 27.5,
            "QE_SD": 8.51,
            "technical_mean": 19.5,
            "technical_SD": 10.99
          },
          {
            "test": "pressure",
            "QE_mean": 26.25,
            "QE_SD": 7.59,
            "technical_mean": 16.25,
            "technical_SD": 7.05
          },
          {
            "test": "retention2",
            "QE_mean": 26.5,
            "QE_SD": 13.29,
            "technical_mean": 19.75,
            "technical_SD": 8.35
          }
        ],
        "interaction": {
          "successRate": {
            "F": 1.68,
            "p": 0.18
          },
          "radialError": {
            "F": 3.91,
            "p": "<.05"
          }
        }
      },
      "limits": "Success-rate and radial-error estimands differ; no course-transfer result. Training320 is not total420. Radial-error means shown in figure not invented from pixels."
    },
    {
      "study": "S44",
      "provenance": {
        "kind": "observed_published_aggregate",
        "sourceURL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-55716-z",
        "table": [
          1,
          2,
          3,
          4,
          5
        ],
        "section": null
      },
      "measurement": "all five original table grids; mean±SD text preserved",
      "values": {
        "n": 22,
        "groupN": [
          11,
          11
        ],
        "tables": [
          {
            "table": 1,
            "rows": [
              [
                "",
                "Pre-training",
                "Post-training"
              ],
              [
                "Quiet eye training group (%)",
                "60.54 ± 4.59",
                "65.18 ± 4.44"
              ],
              [
                "Technical guidance group (%)",
                "59.90 ± 4.43",
                "60.81 ± 4.09"
              ]
            ]
          },
          {
            "table": 2,
            "rows": [
              [
                "",
                "Pre-training",
                "Post-training"
              ],
              [
                "Quiet eye training group",
                "6.54 ± 0.82",
                "5.18 ± 0.75"
              ],
              [
                "technical guidance group",
                "6.63 ± 0.92",
                "6.45 ± 0.82"
              ]
            ]
          },
          {
            "table": 3,
            "rows": [
              [
                "",
                "Pre-training",
                "Post-training"
              ],
              [
                "Quiet eye training group",
                "61.54 ± 6.50",
                "51.09 ± 2.84"
              ],
              [
                "technical guidance group",
                "62.36 ± 6.02",
                "60.81 ± 4.57"
              ]
            ]
          },
          {
            "table": 4,
            "rows": [
              [
                "",
                "Pre-training",
                "Post-training"
              ],
              [
                "Quiet eye training group (times/min)",
                "109.00 ± 8.42",
                "110.36 ± 5.67"
              ],
              [
                "Technical guidance group (times/min)",
                "111.91 ± 4.98",
                "109.45 ± 4.69"
              ]
            ]
          },
          {
            "table": 5,
            "rows": [
              [
                "Gaze behavior",
                "Quiet eye training group",
                "Technical guidance group"
              ],
              [
                "Pre-training",
                "Post-training",
                "Pre-training",
                "Post-training"
              ],
              [
                "Quiet eye movement time (s)",
                "1.83 ± 0.11",
                "2.03 ± 0.12",
                "1.82 ± 0.13",
                "1.80 ± 0.05"
              ],
              [
                "Total number of fixation points (number)",
                "18.09 ± 2.16",
                "17.90 ± 2.02",
                "18.09 ± 1.57",
                "18.18 ± 1.72"
              ],
              [
                "Total fixation time (s)",
                "7.45 ± 0.61",
                "8.42 ± 0.64",
                "7.43 ± 0.69",
                "7.46 ± 0.47"
              ]
            ]
          }
        ],
        "successInteraction": {
          "F": 6.226,
          "df": [
            1,
            20
          ],
          "p": "<.05"
        },
        "postGroupSimpleEffect": "reported nonsignificant",
        "delayedRetention": null,
        "officialCompetition": null
      },
      "limits": "Junior sample; post difference is not difference in changes. No change covariance, no reconstructed change CI."
    },
    {
      "study": "S26",
      "provenance": {
        "kind": "observed_published_aggregate",
        "sourceURL": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30029204/",
        "table": null,
        "section": null
      },
      "measurement": "SD of swing times, seconds (not published holed% or a numeric table of time means)",
      "values": {
        "n": 20,
        "groupN": [
          10,
          10
        ],
        "weeks": 6,
        "sessions": 12,
        "minutesPerSessionAbstract": [
          35,
          40
        ],
        "assessmentBalls": 5,
        "contrasts": [
          {
            "distance_m": 2,
            "segment": "whole",
            "F": 1.45,
            "p": 0.24
          },
          {
            "distance_m": 2,
            "segment": "backswing_to_impact",
            "F": 5.27,
            "p": 0.032
          },
          {
            "distance_m": 5,
            "segment": "whole",
            "F": 5.59,
            "p": 0.02
          },
          {
            "distance_m": 5,
            "segment": "address_to_backswing",
            "F": 9.24,
            "p": 0.007
          }
        ],
        "groupMeans": null,
        "groupSD": null,
        "holeRate": null
      },
      "limits": "Means/SD are graph-only, not invented by reading pixels. Timing variability is a surrogate endpoint; source uses inconsistent speed/time terminology."
    },
    {
      "study": "S27",
      "provenance": {
        "kind": "observed_published_aggregate",
        "sourceURL": "https://opensportssciencesjournal.com/contents/volumes/V13/TOSSJ-13-20/TOSSJ-13-20.pdf",
        "table": 2,
        "section": null
      },
      "measurement": "original group kinematics, means and SD; signed quantities retain signs",
      "values": {
        "groups": [
          {
            "id": "tour",
            "n": 64
          },
          {
            "id": "national",
            "n": 46
          },
          {
            "id": "college",
            "n": 39
          }
        ],
        "distance_m": 3,
        "ballsPerPlayer": 7,
        "holedPercent": [
          67.8,
          60.2,
          54.6
        ],
        "table2": [
          {
            "metric": "address_face",
            "unit": "degree",
            "groups": [
              {
                "group": "tour",
                "mean": 0.23,
                "SD": 1.06
              },
              {
                "group": "national",
                "mean": 0.24,
                "SD": 1.21
              },
              {
                "group": "college",
                "mean": -0.27,
                "SD": 1.77
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "metric": "impact_face",
            "unit": "degree",
            "groups": [
              {
                "group": "tour",
                "mean": 0.34,
                "SD": 1.07
              },
              {
                "group": "national",
                "mean": 0.75,
                "SD": 1.3
              },
              {
                "group": "college",
                "mean": 0.79,
                "SD": 1.37
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "metric": "putter_path",
            "unit": "degree",
            "groups": [
              {
                "group": "tour",
                "mean": 0.23,
                "SD": 1.84
              },
              {
                "group": "national",
                "mean": 1.21,
                "SD": 2.2
              },
              {
                "group": "college",
                "mean": 1.69,
                "SD": 2.79
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "metric": "horizontal_impact",
            "unit": "mm",
            "groups": [
              {
                "group": "tour",
                "mean": -1.7,
                "SD": 3.71
              },
              {
                "group": "national",
                "mean": -2.3,
                "SD": 4.11
              },
              {
                "group": "college",
                "mean": -2.74,
                "SD": 4.13
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "metric": "impact_velocity",
            "unit": "m/s",
            "groups": [
              {
                "group": "tour",
                "mean": 1.4,
                "SD": 0.06
              },
              {
                "group": "national",
                "mean": 1.4,
                "SD": 0.06
              },
              {
                "group": "college",
                "mean": 1.42,
                "SD": 0.07
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "metric": "vertical_impact",
            "unit": "mm",
            "groups": [
              {
                "group": "tour",
                "mean": 7.33,
                "SD": 2.09
              },
              {
                "group": "national",
                "mean": 6.26,
                "SD": 3.41
              },
              {
                "group": "college",
                "mean": 5.53,
                "SD": 3.12
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "metric": "rise_angle",
            "unit": "degree",
            "groups": [
              {
                "group": "tour",
                "mean": 3.92,
                "SD": 1.25
              },
              {
                "group": "national",
                "mean": 2.74,
                "SD": 1.49
              },
              {
                "group": "college",
                "mean": 2.59,
                "SD": 1.85
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "metric": "shaft_angle",
            "unit": "degree",
            "groups": [
              {
                "group": "tour",
                "mean": 0.1,
                "SD": 1.33
              },
              {
                "group": "national",
                "mean": 0.17,
                "SD": 1.53
              },
              {
                "group": "college",
                "mean": 1.19,
                "SD": 2.38
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "metric": "backswing_duration",
            "unit": "s",
            "groups": [
              {
                "group": "tour",
                "mean": 0.75,
                "SD": 0.08
              },
              {
                "group": "national",
                "mean": 0.79,
                "SD": 0.08
              },
              {
                "group": "college",
                "mean": 0.8,
                "SD": 0.12
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "metric": "impact_duration",
            "unit": "s",
            "groups": [
              {
                "group": "tour",
                "mean": 0.32,
                "SD": 0.03
              },
              {
                "group": "national",
                "mean": 0.34,
                "SD": 0.04
              },
              {
                "group": "college",
                "mean": 0.35,
                "SD": 0.04
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "metric": "downswing_duration",
            "unit": "s",
            "groups": [
              {
                "group": "tour",
                "mean": 0.91,
                "SD": 0.08
              },
              {
                "group": "national",
                "mean": 0.86,
                "SD": 0.09
              },
              {
                "group": "college",
                "mean": 0.84,
                "SD": 0.11
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "metric": "backswing_displacement",
            "unit": "m",
            "groups": [
              {
                "group": "tour",
                "mean": 0.21,
                "SD": 0.03
              },
              {
                "group": "national",
                "mean": 0.22,
                "SD": 0.04
              },
              {
                "group": "college",
                "mean": 0.22,
                "SD": 0.04
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "metric": "downswing_displacement",
            "unit": "m",
            "groups": [
              {
                "group": "tour",
                "mean": 0.62,
                "SD": 0.08
              },
              {
                "group": "national",
                "mean": 0.62,
                "SD": 0.08
              },
              {
                "group": "college",
                "mean": 0.61,
                "SD": 0.09
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "metric": "rotation_to_impact",
            "unit": "degree",
            "groups": [
              {
                "group": "tour",
                "mean": 4.3,
                "SD": 1.61
              },
              {
                "group": "national",
                "mean": 4.31,
                "SD": 1.83
              },
              {
                "group": "college",
                "mean": 4.33,
                "SD": 2.05
              }
            ]
          }
        ],
        "inferentialClaimsAdopted": false
      },
      "limits": "Author F/p versus narrative contradictions; descriptive cells kept, not causal normal ranges. SD across participants is not a player dispersion distribution."
    },
    {
      "study": "S28",
      "provenance": {
        "kind": "observed_published_aggregate",
        "sourceURL": "https://doshisha.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/29047/files/043000140001.pdf",
        "table": 1,
        "section": null
      },
      "measurement": "30 acquisition trials stopping in target zone; message count",
      "values": {
        "groups": [
          {
            "group": "SP",
            "n": 10,
            "inZoneMean": 7.8,
            "inZoneSD": 2.23,
            "messageMean": 7.8,
            "messageSD": 2.23
          },
          {
            "group": "SU",
            "n": 10,
            "inZoneMean": 8.6,
            "inZoneSD": 3.29,
            "messageMean": 8.6,
            "messageSD": 3.29
          },
          {
            "group": "FP",
            "n": 10,
            "inZoneMean": 10.2,
            "inZoneSD": 3.54,
            "messageMean": 19.8,
            "messageSD": 3.54
          },
          {
            "group": "FU",
            "n": 10,
            "inZoneMean": 7.4,
            "inZoneSD": 2.73,
            "messageMean": 22.6,
            "messageSD": 2.73
          },
          {
            "group": "Cont",
            "n": 10,
            "inZoneMean": 7.8,
            "inZoneSD": 2.75,
            "messageMean": null,
            "messageSD": null
          }
        ],
        "ageMean": 20.5,
        "male": 35,
        "female": 15,
        "retention": "next day",
        "practiceDistance_m": 2.5,
        "transferDistance_m": 4,
        "testsBallsPerCondition": 3
      },
      "limits": "No group main effect in CE/VE/TV; messages varied in frequency as well as content. Stopping-zone success not cup success."
    },
    {
      "study": "S28",
      "provenance": {
        "kind": "observed_published_aggregate",
        "sourceURL": "https://doshisha.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/29047/files/043000140001.pdf",
        "table": null,
        "section": "results, printed pp4–6"
      },
      "measurement": "CE/VE/TV pooled main effects, centimeters",
      "values": {
        "CE": {
          "preMean": 10.67,
          "postMean": -8.87,
          "retentionMean": 21.15,
          "F": 6.4,
          "df": [
            2,
            90
          ],
          "p": "<.01",
          "etaSquared": 0.12
        },
        "VE": {
          "preMean": 29.13,
          "postMean": 20.8,
          "retentionMean": null,
          "F": 4.33,
          "p": "<.05",
          "etaSquared": 0.09
        },
        "TV": {
          "postMean": 40.5,
          "retentionMean": 55.65,
          "F": 3.43,
          "p": "<.05",
          "etaSquared": 0.07
        },
        "transferTV": {
          "interactionF": 4.04,
          "df": [
            4,
            45
          ],
          "p": "<.01",
          "etaSquared": 0.26,
          "SPpost": 41.36,
          "SPretention": 86.44,
          "FUpost": 55.9,
          "FUretention": 93.78
        }
      },
      "limits": "Pooled time effects are not treatment-control effects. Effect size r=3.28–5.94 in source excluded as invalid correlation-style r."
    },
    {
      "study": "S30",
      "provenance": {
        "kind": "observed_published_aggregate",
        "sourceURL": "https://www.interaction-ipsj.org/proceedings/2025/data/pdf/INT25021.pdf",
        "table": null,
        "section": "results"
      },
      "measurement": "radial error distance from hole edge, repeated-measures ANOVA",
      "values": {
        "n": 48,
        "groupN": [
          12,
          12,
          12,
          12
        ],
        "male": 21,
        "female": 27,
        "ageMean": 24.21,
        "ageSD": 8.22,
        "interventionDays": 3,
        "minutesDaily": 5,
        "testBallsTotal": 140,
        "group": {
          "F": 0.457,
          "df": [
            3,
            44
          ],
          "p": 0.713
        },
        "time": {
          "F": 28.59,
          "df": [
            6,
            264
          ],
          "p": "<.001"
        },
        "interaction": {
          "F": 1.424,
          "df": [
            18,
            264
          ],
          "p": 0.119
        },
        "interSessionMeanHours": 33.166666666666664,
        "interSessionSDHours": 14.55
      },
      "limits": "Physical between-group benefit not demonstrated; training itself had no ball striking, but testing had repeated strokes."
    },
    {
      "study": "C22",
      "provenance": {
        "kind": "observed_published_aggregate",
        "sourceURL": "https://www.quinticballroll.com/research-papers/The-effects-of-face-angle-biofeedback-on-performance.pdf",
        "table": [
          1,
          2
        ],
        "section": null
      },
      "measurement": "putts holed by block, not percentages printed with wrong denominator",
      "values": {
        "n": 20,
        "groupN": [
          10,
          10
        ],
        "ballsEach": 25,
        "distance_ft": 12,
        "blockBallsPerGroup": 50,
        "feedbackBlocks": [
          9,
          15,
          16,
          13,
          17
        ],
        "controlBlocks": [
          6,
          11,
          10,
          15,
          12
        ],
        "reportedWithinGroupLastFirst_t": [
          4.485,
          2.801
        ],
        "reportedWithinGroupLastFirst_p": [
          0.001,
          0.01
        ],
        "originalResultsBody": {
          "feedbackHoled": 67,
          "controlHoled": 53,
          "opportunitiesEach": 250,
          "percent": [
            26.8,
            21.2
          ]
        }
      },
      "limits": "Student project; original percentages divide by250 incorrectly for first/last5 blocks. No delayed retention or efficacy inference from two within-group p-values. Original Results body says67/53 while Table1 sums70/54; unresolved, keep both, do not select either as verified total."
    },
    {
      "study": "S36",
      "provenance": {
        "kind": "observed_published_aggregate",
        "sourceURL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ejsc.12079",
        "table": null,
        "section": "Results"
      },
      "measurement": "mean stopping distance error, cm; no SD recovered",
      "values": {
        "n": 40,
        "groupN": [
          10,
          10,
          10,
          10
        ],
        "groups": [
          "blocked_CI",
          "random_CI",
          "differential",
          "no_practice"
        ],
        "fixedRetention": [
          45.85,
          34.72,
          32.94,
          67.71
        ],
        "variableRetention": [
          46.23,
          33.56,
          30.51,
          67.21
        ],
        "novel4mTransfer": [
          50.27,
          45.48,
          33.23,
          69.89
        ],
        "practiceBalls": 360,
        "delay_hours": 72,
        "groupSD": null
      },
      "limits": "Original printed df inconsistency kept in corrections. Not cup success; no CI without SD."
    },
    {
      "study": "C13",
      "provenance": {
        "kind": "observed_published_aggregate",
        "sourceURL": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ijshs/8/0/8_20100006/_article/-char/en",
        "table": 2,
        "section": null
      },
      "measurement": "last acquisition block vs immediate pressure, mean±SD",
      "values": {
        "n": 16,
        "male": 16,
        "ageMean": 19.6,
        "ageSD": 0.5,
        "practiceBalls": 150,
        "pressureBalls": 10,
        "distance_m": 1.5,
        "stateAnxiety": [
          {
            "mean": 44.3,
            "SD": 8.69
          },
          {
            "mean": 51.12,
            "SD": 9.6
          }
        ],
        "positiveAffect": [
          {
            "mean": 37.43,
            "SD": 7.58
          },
          {
            "mean": 36.44,
            "SD": 9.84
          }
        ],
        "negativeAffect": [
          {
            "mean": 20.44,
            "SD": 6.75
          },
          {
            "mean": 24.94,
            "SD": 8.55
          }
        ],
        "heartRate_bpm": [
          {
            "mean": 89.34,
            "SD": 14.36
          },
          {
            "mean": 95.17,
            "SD": 15.61
          }
        ],
        "puttingScorePressureChange": "not significant"
      },
      "limits": "Novice men, stopping target not cup. Correlations/stepwise regression in16people are exploratory, not mental training efficacy."
    },
    {
      "study": "C13",
      "provenance": {
        "kind": "observed_published_aggregate",
        "sourceURL": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ijshs/8/0/8_20100006/_article/-char/en",
        "table": 5,
        "section": null
      },
      "measurement": "published regression coefficients",
      "values": {
        "ACE_x": {
          "positiveAffectBeta": -0.572,
          "adjustedR2": 0.327,
          "p": "<.05"
        },
        "VE_y": {
          "Q1Beta": 0.508,
          "Q2Beta": 0.606,
          "adjustedR2": 0.49,
          "p": "<.01"
        }
      },
      "limits": "Association under pressure not causation. Do not convert beta to probability of mental cause or a treatment benefit."
    },
    {
      "study": "C01",
      "provenance": {
        "kind": "observed_published_aggregate",
        "sourceURL": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.697914/full",
        "table": null,
        "section": "Results, final ball position"
      },
      "measurement": "absolute final-stop errors in meters, original mean±SD",
      "values": {
        "n": 24,
        "groupN": [
          12,
          12
        ],
        "slopeDegrees": [
          0,
          0.4
        ],
        "slopeRecognitionCounts": {
          "flat": [
            6,
            1
          ],
          "slope": [
            11,
            5
          ],
          "denominatorEach": 12
        },
        "flat": {
          "foreAftPro": [
            0.22,
            0.12
          ],
          "foreAftAmateur": [
            0.53,
            0.29
          ],
          "lateralPro": [
            0.1,
            0.04
          ],
          "lateralAmateur": [
            0.19,
            0.08
          ]
        },
        "slope": {
          "foreAftPro": [
            0.28,
            0.17
          ],
          "foreAftAmateur": [
            0.6,
            0.31
          ],
          "lateralPro": [
            0.17,
            0.05
          ],
          "lateralAmateur": [
            0.21,
            0.1
          ]
        }
      },
      "limits": "Group contrasts are not individual causal diagnoses. Potential cohort overlap across domestic papers unknown."
    },
    {
      "study": "C08",
      "provenance": {
        "kind": "published_intervention_and_self_recorded_competitive_rounds",
        "sourceURL": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00008",
        "section": "Participants; Training protocol; Competitive performance; Data analysis",
        "reviewed": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "measurement": "Gaze instruction and reported change in putts per round, not a personal treatment prediction",
      "values": {
        "participants": 22,
        "male": 22,
        "handicapLessThan": 6,
        "competitiveRoundsBeforePerPerson": 10,
        "competitiveRoundsAfterPerPerson": 10,
        "lastBallFixationInstructionSeconds": [
          2,
          3
        ],
        "trainingGroupReportedReductionPuttsPerRound": 1.92,
        "trainingGroupPostMeanPuttsPerRound": 27.61,
        "trainingGroupPostSD": 1.93,
        "controlGroupPostMeanPuttsPerRound": 29.89,
        "controlGroupPostSD": 3.11,
        "sixToTenFtSuccessGroupTimeInteractionP": 0.14,
        "trainingGroupMissingGazeRecords": 5
      },
      "limits": "Small low-handicap male sample; gaze video feedback and instruction were combined. Total putts depend on starting distance and GIR. 1.92 is reported within-group pre/post change, not adjusted difference-in-differences or a guaranteed effect of looking for two seconds. Five missing gaze records are not five missing round records."
    }
  ]
}